{
  "brand": "Pricebookr",
  "slug": "plumbing-contractor-statistics",
  "title": "Plumbing Statistics: Pay, Businesses & Pricing",
  "description": "Dated plumbing workforce, contractor business and homeowner pricing statistics. BLS, Census, Jobber and Modernize sources, charts and downloadable evidence.",
  "checkedOn": "2026-09-25",
  "publishedOn": "2026-09-25",
  "nextReview": "2026-12-15",
  "sources": [
    {
      "id": "bls",
      "publisher": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics",
      "title": "Plumbers, pipefitters and steamfitters: Occupational Outlook Handbook",
      "url": "https://www.bls.gov/ooh/construction-and-extraction/plumbers-pipefitters-and-steamfitters.htm",
      "published": "2026-08-27",
      "method": "OEWS wages (May 2025) and Employment Projections (2025–2035). Wage estimates exclude self-employed workers; projections include them. Openings include replacement needs.",
      "verification": "Original publisher page opened and figures read; direct shell requests were blocked.",
      "reuse": "U.S. government statistical data; attribution retained.",
      "checkedOn": "2026-09-25"
    },
    {
      "id": "cbp-us",
      "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
      "title": "2023 County Business Patterns: United States",
      "url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/cbp/datasets/2023/cbp23us.zip",
      "published": "2025-06-26",
      "method": "Paid-employee establishments in plumbing, heating and air-conditioning contracting (2017 NAICS 238220); all legal forms; all employee roles; excludes nonemployers. Employment is mid-March. Payroll is annual, reported in thousands of dollars. Disclosure noise applies.",
      "verification": "HTTP 200; CSV extracted from original ZIP; NAICS 238220, LFO -.",
      "reuse": "U.S. government statistical data; attribution retained.",
      "checkedOn": "2026-09-25",
      "sha256": "3f9018f807f1ffd7bcbb00690f9792573bc2bc6bb4cfab9df14ca7ab3eac0862"
    },
    {
      "id": "cbp-state",
      "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
      "title": "2023 County Business Patterns: states and DC",
      "url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/cbp/datasets/2023/cbp23st.zip",
      "published": "2025-06-26",
      "method": "Paid-employee establishments in plumbing, heating and air-conditioning contracting (2017 NAICS 238220); all legal forms; all employee roles; excludes nonemployers. Employment is mid-March. Payroll is annual, reported in thousands of dollars. Disclosure noise applies.",
      "verification": "HTTP 200; 51 all-legal-form records extracted from original ZIP; NAICS 238220, LFO -.",
      "reuse": "U.S. government statistical data; attribution retained.",
      "checkedOn": "2026-09-25",
      "sha256": "9fc306ecc4f9633092e2432c2db2acdf53798da0480e6f6beeb953d583b41ede"
    },
    {
      "id": "jobber",
      "publisher": "Jobber",
      "title": "2026 Home Service Trends Report",
      "url": "https://www.getjobber.com/home-service-trends-report/",
      "published": "2026 report; day not stated",
      "method": "Conjointly surveyed 1,050 U.S. home-service owners in December 2025. Self-reports; subgroup sample sizes unspecified.",
      "verification": "Original publisher page opened; prose and chart labels checked. Shell requests blocked.",
      "reuse": "Brief factual extracts, paraphrased labels; original report and artwork not reproduced.",
      "checkedOn": "2026-09-25"
    },
    {
      "id": "homebuyer",
      "publisher": "Jobber",
      "title": "Recent Homebuyer Reality Check",
      "url": "https://www.getjobber.com/recent-homebuyer-report/",
      "published": "2026 report; day not stated",
      "method": "Coleman Parkes, May 2026: 800 U.S. single-family homebuyers from the preceding two years, equally split across four generations.",
      "verification": "Original publisher page opened; figures and methodology read. Shell requests blocked.",
      "reuse": "Brief factual extracts, paraphrased labels; original report and artwork not reproduced.",
      "checkedOn": "2026-09-25"
    },
    {
      "id": "modernize",
      "publisher": "Modernize",
      "title": "2025 Homeowner Insights Report",
      "url": "https://modernize.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/Homeowner-Insights-Report-2025.pdf",
      "published": "2025 report; day not stated",
      "method": "Home-improvement audience surveyed July–October 2025 (PDF page 4). Each question has its own response count; probability sampling and country breakdown are not disclosed.",
      "verification": "Original PDF downloaded and inspected earlier on 2026-09-25; archived SHA-256 below. A later recheck returned HTTP 403; the dated figures were checked against the preserved PDF, not a fresh download.",
      "reuse": "Selected factual figures with new charts; original report and artwork not reproduced.",
      "checkedOn": "2026-09-25",
      "sha256": "aba169d1147e25a54a3165c44ac30f590c8eacddd4b13887f989cc672d03de7a"
    }
  ],
  "sections": [
    {
      "id": "pay",
      "title": "Plumbing wages and pay distribution",
      "intro": "BLS reports a $63,800 median annual wage for plumbers, pipefitters and steamfitters in May 2025. The industry medians below describe workers in this occupation, not business revenue or customer billing rates.",
      "scope": "United States; May 2025 OEWS; SOC 47-2152. Wage estimates exclude self-employed workers. Percentile thresholds are not starting or maximum salaries.",
      "rows": [
        {
          "id": "pay-median",
          "label": "Plumbers, pipefitters and steamfitters median",
          "value": 63800,
          "unit": "USD",
          "period": "May 2025",
          "sourceId": "bls",
          "population": "Plumbers, pipefitters and steamfitters median",
          "geography": "United States",
          "locator": "Pay",
          "note": "Annual wage; not a service-call price or total compensation.",
          "checkedOn": "2026-09-25"
        },
        {
          "id": "pay-p10",
          "label": "Plumbers, pipefitters and steamfitters 10th-percentile threshold",
          "value": 44150,
          "unit": "USD",
          "period": "May 2025",
          "sourceId": "bls",
          "population": "Plumbers, pipefitters and steamfitters 10th-percentile threshold",
          "geography": "United States",
          "locator": "Pay",
          "note": "Annual wage; not a service-call price or total compensation.",
          "checkedOn": "2026-09-25"
        },
        {
          "id": "pay-p90",
          "label": "Plumbers, pipefitters and steamfitters 90th-percentile threshold",
          "value": 108420,
          "unit": "USD",
          "period": "May 2025",
          "sourceId": "bls",
          "population": "Plumbers, pipefitters and steamfitters 90th-percentile threshold",
          "geography": "United States",
          "locator": "Pay",
          "note": "Annual wage; not a service-call price or total compensation.",
          "checkedOn": "2026-09-25"
        },
        {
          "id": "pay-0",
          "label": "Occupation median: Government (excluding education/hospitals)",
          "value": 71660,
          "unit": "USD",
          "period": "May 2025",
          "sourceId": "bls",
          "population": "Occupation median: Government (excluding education/hospitals)",
          "geography": "United States",
          "locator": "Pay",
          "note": "Annual wage; not a service-call price or total compensation.",
          "checkedOn": "2026-09-25"
        },
        {
          "id": "pay-1",
          "label": "Occupation median: Manufacturing",
          "value": 65770,
          "unit": "USD",
          "period": "May 2025",
          "sourceId": "bls",
          "population": "Occupation median: Manufacturing",
          "geography": "United States",
          "locator": "Pay",
          "note": "Annual wage; not a service-call price or total compensation.",
          "checkedOn": "2026-09-25"
        },
        {
          "id": "pay-2",
          "label": "Occupation median: Heavy and civil engineering construction",
          "value": 63270,
          "unit": "USD",
          "period": "May 2025",
          "sourceId": "bls",
          "population": "Occupation median: Heavy and civil engineering construction",
          "geography": "United States",
          "locator": "Pay",
          "note": "Annual wage; not a service-call price or total compensation.",
          "checkedOn": "2026-09-25"
        },
        {
          "id": "pay-3",
          "label": "Occupation median: Plumbing, heating and AC contractors",
          "value": 63010,
          "unit": "USD",
          "period": "May 2025",
          "sourceId": "bls",
          "population": "Occupation median: Plumbing, heating and AC contractors",
          "geography": "United States",
          "locator": "Pay",
          "note": "Annual wage; not a service-call price or total compensation.",
          "checkedOn": "2026-09-25"
        },
        {
          "id": "pay-construction",
          "label": "Construction trades workers median (comparison)",
          "value": 58150,
          "unit": "USD",
          "period": "May 2025",
          "sourceId": "bls",
          "population": "Construction trades workers median (comparison)",
          "geography": "United States",
          "locator": "Pay",
          "note": "Annual wage; not a service-call price or total compensation.",
          "checkedOn": "2026-09-25"
        },
        {
          "id": "pay-all",
          "label": "All occupations median (comparison)",
          "value": 50980,
          "unit": "USD",
          "period": "May 2025",
          "sourceId": "bls",
          "population": "All occupations median (comparison)",
          "geography": "United States",
          "locator": "Pay",
          "note": "Annual wage; not a service-call price or total compensation.",
          "checkedOn": "2026-09-25"
        }
      ],
      "chartTitle": "Plumbing annual wage benchmarks",
      "chartNote": "BLS • May 2025 • SOC 47-2152 • annual wage estimates",
      "chartIds": [
        "pay-median",
        "pay-p10",
        "pay-p90"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "employment-outlook",
      "title": "Plumbing employment and hiring outlook",
      "intro": "BLS projects 7% growth for plumbers, pipefitters and steamfitters from 2025 to 2035. Annual openings include workers changing occupations or leaving the labor force; they are not a count of currently unfilled positions.",
      "scope": "United States; BLS Employment Projections. Forecasts are rounded and are not guarantees.",
      "rows": [
        {
          "id": "outlook-jobs",
          "label": "Plumbers, pipefitters and steamfitters employment",
          "value": 510600,
          "unit": "jobs",
          "period": "2025",
          "sourceId": "bls",
          "population": "Plumbers, pipefitters and steamfitters",
          "geography": "United States",
          "locator": "Employment projections table",
          "note": "",
          "checkedOn": "2026-09-25"
        },
        {
          "id": "outlook-future",
          "label": "Plumbers, pipefitters and steamfitters projected employment",
          "value": 545200,
          "unit": "jobs",
          "period": "2035 projection",
          "sourceId": "bls",
          "population": "Plumbers, pipefitters and steamfitters",
          "geography": "United States",
          "locator": "Employment projections table",
          "note": "",
          "checkedOn": "2026-09-25"
        },
        {
          "id": "outlook-openings",
          "label": "Plumbers, pipefitters and steamfitters average annual openings",
          "value": 42000,
          "unit": "openings per year",
          "period": "2025–2035 projection",
          "sourceId": "bls",
          "population": "Plumbers, pipefitters and steamfitters",
          "geography": "United States",
          "locator": "Job Outlook",
          "note": "Includes replacement needs; not current vacancies.",
          "checkedOn": "2026-09-25"
        },
        {
          "id": "outlook-growth",
          "label": "Plumbers, pipefitters and steamfitters projected growth",
          "value": 7,
          "unit": "%",
          "period": "2025–2035 projection",
          "sourceId": "bls",
          "population": "Plumbers, pipefitters and steamfitters",
          "geography": "United States",
          "locator": "Job Outlook",
          "note": "",
          "checkedOn": "2026-09-25"
        },
        {
          "id": "outlook-construction",
          "label": "Construction trades workers projected growth",
          "value": 6,
          "unit": "%",
          "period": "2025–2035 projection",
          "sourceId": "bls",
          "population": "Construction trades workers",
          "geography": "United States",
          "locator": "Job Outlook",
          "note": "",
          "checkedOn": "2026-09-25"
        },
        {
          "id": "outlook-all",
          "label": "All occupations projected growth",
          "value": 3,
          "unit": "%",
          "period": "2025–2035 projection",
          "sourceId": "bls",
          "population": "All occupations",
          "geography": "United States",
          "locator": "Job Outlook",
          "note": "",
          "checkedOn": "2026-09-25"
        }
      ],
      "chartTitle": "Projected occupational employment growth",
      "chartNote": "BLS • 2025–2035 projections • rounded percentages",
      "chartIds": [
        "outlook-growth",
        "outlook-construction",
        "outlook-all"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "employers",
      "title": "Where plumbers, pipefitters and steamfitters work",
      "intro": "The occupation spans several industries. These selected employer shares include self-employment, unlike the wage estimates above.",
      "scope": "United States; plumbers, pipefitters and steamfitters; 2025 employment shares. Selected industries do not sum to 100%.",
      "rows": [
        {
          "id": "employer-0",
          "label": "Plumbing, heating and AC contractors",
          "value": 65,
          "unit": "%",
          "period": "2025",
          "sourceId": "bls",
          "population": "Plumbers, pipefitters and steamfitters",
          "geography": "United States",
          "locator": "Work Environment / largest employers",
          "note": "",
          "checkedOn": "2026-09-25"
        },
        {
          "id": "employer-1",
          "label": "Self-employed",
          "value": 8,
          "unit": "%",
          "period": "2025",
          "sourceId": "bls",
          "population": "Plumbers, pipefitters and steamfitters",
          "geography": "United States",
          "locator": "Work Environment / largest employers",
          "note": "",
          "checkedOn": "2026-09-25"
        },
        {
          "id": "employer-2",
          "label": "Government (excluding education/hospitals)",
          "value": 3,
          "unit": "%",
          "period": "2025",
          "sourceId": "bls",
          "population": "Plumbers, pipefitters and steamfitters",
          "geography": "United States",
          "locator": "Work Environment / largest employers",
          "note": "",
          "checkedOn": "2026-09-25"
        },
        {
          "id": "employer-3",
          "label": "Heavy and civil engineering construction",
          "value": 3,
          "unit": "%",
          "period": "2025",
          "sourceId": "bls",
          "population": "Plumbers, pipefitters and steamfitters",
          "geography": "United States",
          "locator": "Work Environment / largest employers",
          "note": "",
          "checkedOn": "2026-09-25"
        },
        {
          "id": "employer-4",
          "label": "Manufacturing",
          "value": 3,
          "unit": "%",
          "period": "2025",
          "sourceId": "bls",
          "population": "Plumbers, pipefitters and steamfitters",
          "geography": "United States",
          "locator": "Work Environment / largest employers",
          "note": "",
          "checkedOn": "2026-09-25"
        }
      ],
      "chartTitle": "Selected employers: employment shares",
      "chartNote": "BLS • 2025 • SOC 47-2152 • selected employer groups",
      "chartIds": [
        "employer-0",
        "employer-1",
        "employer-2",
        "employer-3",
        "employer-4"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "industry-scale",
      "title": "How large is the plumbing and HVAC contractor industry?",
      "intro": "The 2023 Census benchmark counts 111,207 paid-employee establishments in plumbing, heating and air-conditioning contracting across the United States. A business with several locations can have several establishments.",
      "scope": "Paid-employee establishments in plumbing, heating and air-conditioning contracting (2017 NAICS 238220); all legal forms; all employee roles; excludes nonemployers. This industry includes commercial work as well as residential service. Combined plumbing/HVAC industry; not plumbing-only.",
      "rows": [
        {
          "id": "us-est",
          "label": "U.S. contractor establishments",
          "value": 111207,
          "unit": "establishments",
          "sourceId": "cbp-us",
          "period": "2023",
          "population": "Paid-employee establishments in plumbing, heating and air-conditioning contracting (2017 NAICS 238220); all legal forms; all employee roles; excludes nonemployers.",
          "geography": "United States",
          "locator": "cbp23us.txt; uscode=98; naics=238220; lfo=-; est",
          "note": "Establishments, not firms.",
          "checkedOn": "2026-09-25",
          "rawValue": 111207,
          "rawField": "est",
          "rawRecord": "US"
        },
        {
          "id": "us-emp",
          "label": "U.S. contractor industry employment",
          "value": 1214761,
          "unit": "employees",
          "sourceId": "cbp-us",
          "period": "2023",
          "population": "Paid-employee establishments in plumbing, heating and air-conditioning contracting (2017 NAICS 238220); all legal forms; all employee roles; excludes nonemployers.",
          "geography": "United States",
          "locator": "cbp23us.txt; uscode=98; naics=238220; lfo=-; emp",
          "note": "Employment covers the pay period including March 12.",
          "checkedOn": "2026-09-25",
          "rawValue": 1214761,
          "rawField": "emp",
          "rawRecord": "US"
        },
        {
          "id": "us-ap",
          "label": "U.S. contractor industry annual payroll",
          "value": 89519407000,
          "unit": "USD",
          "sourceId": "cbp-us",
          "period": "2023",
          "population": "Paid-employee establishments in plumbing, heating and air-conditioning contracting (2017 NAICS 238220); all legal forms; all employee roles; excludes nonemployers.",
          "geography": "United States",
          "locator": "cbp23us.txt; uscode=98; naics=238220; lfo=-; ap",
          "note": "Annual payroll × 1,000 to USD.",
          "checkedOn": "2026-09-25",
          "rawValue": 89519407,
          "rawField": "ap",
          "rawRecord": "US"
        }
      ],
      "chartTitle": "",
      "chartNote": "",
      "chartIds": []
    },
    {
      "id": "state-est",
      "title": "Plumbing/HVAC contractor establishments by state",
      "intro": "Compare the number of paid-employee business locations in each state and DC. Census combines plumbing, heating and air conditioning, so this table cannot isolate plumbing-only businesses.",
      "scope": "Paid-employee establishments in plumbing, heating and air-conditioning contracting (2017 NAICS 238220); all legal forms; all employee roles; excludes nonemployers. Data year: 2023. Combined plumbing/HVAC industry; not plumbing-only.",
      "rows": [
        {
          "id": "state-01-est",
          "label": "Alabama",
          "value": 1647,
          "unit": "establishments",
          "sourceId": "cbp-state",
          "period": "2023",
          "population": "Paid-employee establishments in plumbing, heating and air-conditioning contracting (2017 NAICS 238220); all legal forms; all employee roles; excludes nonemployers.",
          "geography": "Alabama",
          "locator": "cbp23st.txt; naics=238220; lfo=-; fipstate=01; est",
          "note": "Employer business locations; combined plumbing/HVAC industry, not plumbing-only firms.",
          "checkedOn": "2026-09-25",
          "rawValue": 1647,
          "rawField": "est",
          "rawRecord": "01"
        },
        {
          "id": "state-02-est",
          "label": "Alaska",
          "value": 264,
          "unit": "establishments",
          "sourceId": "cbp-state",
          "period": "2023",
          "population": "Paid-employee establishments in plumbing, heating and air-conditioning contracting (2017 NAICS 238220); all legal forms; all employee roles; excludes nonemployers.",
          "geography": "Alaska",
          "locator": "cbp23st.txt; naics=238220; lfo=-; fipstate=02; est",
          "note": "Employer business locations; combined plumbing/HVAC industry, not plumbing-only firms.",
          "checkedOn": "2026-09-25",
          "rawValue": 264,
          "rawField": "est",
          "rawRecord": "02"
        },
        {
          "id": "state-04-est",
          "label": "Arizona",
          "value": 2567,
          "unit": "establishments",
          "sourceId": "cbp-state",
          "period": "2023",
          "population": "Paid-employee establishments in plumbing, heating and air-conditioning contracting (2017 NAICS 238220); all legal forms; all employee roles; excludes nonemployers.",
          "geography": "Arizona",
          "locator": "cbp23st.txt; naics=238220; lfo=-; fipstate=04; est",
          "note": "Employer business locations; combined plumbing/HVAC industry, not plumbing-only firms.",
          "checkedOn": "2026-09-25",
          "rawValue": 2567,
          "rawField": "est",
          "rawRecord": "04"
        },
        {
          "id": "state-05-est",
          "label": "Arkansas",
          "value": 1145,
          "unit": "establishments",
          "sourceId": "cbp-state",
          "period": "2023",
          "population": "Paid-employee establishments in plumbing, heating and air-conditioning contracting (2017 NAICS 238220); all legal forms; all employee roles; excludes nonemployers.",
          "geography": "Arkansas",
          "locator": "cbp23st.txt; naics=238220; lfo=-; fipstate=05; est",
          "note": "Employer business locations; combined plumbing/HVAC industry, not plumbing-only firms.",
          "checkedOn": "2026-09-25",
          "rawValue": 1145,
          "rawField": "est",
          "rawRecord": "05"
        },
        {
          "id": "state-06-est",
          "label": "California",
          "value": 11686,
          "unit": "establishments",
          "sourceId": "cbp-state",
          "period": "2023",
          "population": "Paid-employee establishments in plumbing, heating and air-conditioning contracting (2017 NAICS 238220); all legal forms; all employee roles; excludes nonemployers.",
          "geography": "California",
          "locator": "cbp23st.txt; naics=238220; lfo=-; fipstate=06; est",
          "note": "Employer business locations; combined plumbing/HVAC industry, not plumbing-only firms.",
          "checkedOn": "2026-09-25",
          "rawValue": 11686,
          "rawField": "est",
          "rawRecord": "06"
        },
        {
          "id": "state-08-est",
          "label": "Colorado",
          "value": 2620,
          "unit": "establishments",
          "sourceId": "cbp-state",
          "period": "2023",
          "population": "Paid-employee establishments in plumbing, heating and air-conditioning contracting (2017 NAICS 238220); all legal forms; all employee roles; excludes nonemployers.",
          "geography": "Colorado",
          "locator": "cbp23st.txt; naics=238220; lfo=-; fipstate=08; est",
          "note": "Employer business locations; combined plumbing/HVAC industry, not plumbing-only firms.",
          "checkedOn": "2026-09-25",
          "rawValue": 2620,
          "rawField": "est",
          "rawRecord": "08"
        },
        {
          "id": "state-09-est",
          "label": "Connecticut",
          "value": 1318,
          "unit": "establishments",
          "sourceId": "cbp-state",
          "period": "2023",
          "population": "Paid-employee establishments in plumbing, heating and air-conditioning contracting (2017 NAICS 238220); all legal forms; all employee roles; excludes nonemployers.",
          "geography": "Connecticut",
          "locator": "cbp23st.txt; naics=238220; lfo=-; fipstate=09; est",
          "note": "Employer business locations; combined plumbing/HVAC industry, not plumbing-only firms.",
          "checkedOn": "2026-09-25",
          "rawValue": 1318,
          "rawField": "est",
          "rawRecord": "09"
        },
        {
          "id": "state-10-est",
          "label": "Delaware",
          "value": 344,
          "unit": "establishments",
          "sourceId": "cbp-state",
          "period": "2023",
          "population": "Paid-employee establishments in plumbing, heating and air-conditioning contracting (2017 NAICS 238220); all legal forms; all employee roles; excludes nonemployers.",
          "geography": "Delaware",
          "locator": "cbp23st.txt; naics=238220; lfo=-; fipstate=10; est",
          "note": "Employer business locations; combined plumbing/HVAC industry, not plumbing-only firms.",
          "checkedOn": "2026-09-25",
          "rawValue": 344,
          "rawField": "est",
          "rawRecord": "10"
        },
        {
          "id": "state-11-est",
          "label": "District of Columbia",
          "value": 37,
          "unit": "establishments",
          "sourceId": "cbp-state",
          "period": "2023",
          "population": "Paid-employee establishments in plumbing, heating and air-conditioning contracting (2017 NAICS 238220); all legal forms; all employee roles; excludes nonemployers.",
          "geography": "District of Columbia",
          "locator": "cbp23st.txt; naics=238220; lfo=-; fipstate=11; est",
          "note": "Employer business locations; combined plumbing/HVAC industry, not plumbing-only firms.",
          "checkedOn": "2026-09-25",
          "rawValue": 37,
          "rawField": "est",
          "rawRecord": "11"
        },
        {
          "id": "state-12-est",
          "label": "Florida",
          "value": 9353,
          "unit": "establishments",
          "sourceId": "cbp-state",
          "period": "2023",
          "population": "Paid-employee establishments in plumbing, heating and air-conditioning contracting (2017 NAICS 238220); all legal forms; all employee roles; excludes nonemployers.",
          "geography": "Florida",
          "locator": "cbp23st.txt; naics=238220; lfo=-; fipstate=12; est",
          "note": "Employer business locations; combined plumbing/HVAC industry, not plumbing-only firms.",
          "checkedOn": "2026-09-25",
          "rawValue": 9353,
          "rawField": "est",
          "rawRecord": "12"
        },
        {
          "id": "state-13-est",
          "label": "Georgia",
          "value": 3101,
          "unit": "establishments",
          "sourceId": "cbp-state",
          "period": "2023",
          "population": "Paid-employee establishments in plumbing, heating and air-conditioning contracting (2017 NAICS 238220); all legal forms; all employee roles; excludes nonemployers.",
          "geography": "Georgia",
          "locator": "cbp23st.txt; naics=238220; lfo=-; fipstate=13; est",
          "note": "Employer business locations; combined plumbing/HVAC industry, not plumbing-only firms.",
          "checkedOn": "2026-09-25",
          "rawValue": 3101,
          "rawField": "est",
          "rawRecord": "13"
        },
        {
          "id": "state-15-est",
          "label": "Hawaii",
          "value": 403,
          "unit": "establishments",
          "sourceId": "cbp-state",
          "period": "2023",
          "population": "Paid-employee establishments in plumbing, heating and air-conditioning contracting (2017 NAICS 238220); all legal forms; all employee roles; excludes nonemployers.",
          "geography": "Hawaii",
          "locator": "cbp23st.txt; naics=238220; lfo=-; fipstate=15; est",
          "note": "Employer business locations; combined plumbing/HVAC industry, not plumbing-only firms.",
          "checkedOn": "2026-09-25",
          "rawValue": 403,
          "rawField": "est",
          "rawRecord": "15"
        },
        {
          "id": "state-16-est",
          "label": "Idaho",
          "value": 904,
          "unit": "establishments",
          "sourceId": "cbp-state",
          "period": "2023",
          "population": "Paid-employee establishments in plumbing, heating and air-conditioning contracting (2017 NAICS 238220); all legal forms; all employee roles; excludes nonemployers.",
          "geography": "Idaho",
          "locator": "cbp23st.txt; naics=238220; lfo=-; fipstate=16; est",
          "note": "Employer business locations; combined plumbing/HVAC industry, not plumbing-only firms.",
          "checkedOn": "2026-09-25",
          "rawValue": 904,
          "rawField": "est",
          "rawRecord": "16"
        },
        {
          "id": "state-17-est",
          "label": "Illinois",
          "value": 4070,
          "unit": "establishments",
          "sourceId": "cbp-state",
          "period": "2023",
          "population": "Paid-employee establishments in plumbing, heating and air-conditioning contracting (2017 NAICS 238220); all legal forms; all employee roles; excludes nonemployers.",
          "geography": "Illinois",
          "locator": "cbp23st.txt; naics=238220; lfo=-; fipstate=17; est",
          "note": "Employer business locations; combined plumbing/HVAC industry, not plumbing-only firms.",
          "checkedOn": "2026-09-25",
          "rawValue": 4070,
          "rawField": "est",
          "rawRecord": "17"
        },
        {
          "id": "state-18-est",
          "label": "Indiana",
          "value": 2008,
          "unit": "establishments",
          "sourceId": "cbp-state",
          "period": "2023",
          "population": "Paid-employee establishments in plumbing, heating and air-conditioning contracting (2017 NAICS 238220); all legal forms; all employee roles; excludes nonemployers.",
          "geography": "Indiana",
          "locator": "cbp23st.txt; naics=238220; lfo=-; fipstate=18; est",
          "note": "Employer business locations; combined plumbing/HVAC industry, not plumbing-only firms.",
          "checkedOn": "2026-09-25",
          "rawValue": 2008,
          "rawField": "est",
          "rawRecord": "18"
        },
        {
          "id": "state-19-est",
          "label": "Iowa",
          "value": 1108,
          "unit": "establishments",
          "sourceId": "cbp-state",
          "period": "2023",
          "population": "Paid-employee establishments in plumbing, heating and air-conditioning contracting (2017 NAICS 238220); all legal forms; all employee roles; excludes nonemployers.",
          "geography": "Iowa",
          "locator": "cbp23st.txt; naics=238220; lfo=-; fipstate=19; est",
          "note": "Employer business locations; combined plumbing/HVAC industry, not plumbing-only firms.",
          "checkedOn": "2026-09-25",
          "rawValue": 1108,
          "rawField": "est",
          "rawRecord": "19"
        },
        {
          "id": "state-20-est",
          "label": "Kansas",
          "value": 1028,
          "unit": "establishments",
          "sourceId": "cbp-state",
          "period": "2023",
          "population": "Paid-employee establishments in plumbing, heating and air-conditioning contracting (2017 NAICS 238220); all legal forms; all employee roles; excludes nonemployers.",
          "geography": "Kansas",
          "locator": "cbp23st.txt; naics=238220; lfo=-; fipstate=20; est",
          "note": "Employer business locations; combined plumbing/HVAC industry, not plumbing-only firms.",
          "checkedOn": "2026-09-25",
          "rawValue": 1028,
          "rawField": "est",
          "rawRecord": "20"
        },
        {
          "id": "state-21-est",
          "label": "Kentucky",
          "value": 1379,
          "unit": "establishments",
          "sourceId": "cbp-state",
          "period": "2023",
          "population": "Paid-employee establishments in plumbing, heating and air-conditioning contracting (2017 NAICS 238220); all legal forms; all employee roles; excludes nonemployers.",
          "geography": "Kentucky",
          "locator": "cbp23st.txt; naics=238220; lfo=-; fipstate=21; est",
          "note": "Employer business locations; combined plumbing/HVAC industry, not plumbing-only firms.",
          "checkedOn": "2026-09-25",
          "rawValue": 1379,
          "rawField": "est",
          "rawRecord": "21"
        },
        {
          "id": "state-22-est",
          "label": "Louisiana",
          "value": 1623,
          "unit": "establishments",
          "sourceId": "cbp-state",
          "period": "2023",
          "population": "Paid-employee establishments in plumbing, heating and air-conditioning contracting (2017 NAICS 238220); all legal forms; all employee roles; excludes nonemployers.",
          "geography": "Louisiana",
          "locator": "cbp23st.txt; naics=238220; lfo=-; fipstate=22; est",
          "note": "Employer business locations; combined plumbing/HVAC industry, not plumbing-only firms.",
          "checkedOn": "2026-09-25",
          "rawValue": 1623,
          "rawField": "est",
          "rawRecord": "22"
        },
        {
          "id": "state-23-est",
          "label": "Maine",
          "value": 781,
          "unit": "establishments",
          "sourceId": "cbp-state",
          "period": "2023",
          "population": "Paid-employee establishments in plumbing, heating and air-conditioning contracting (2017 NAICS 238220); all legal forms; all employee roles; excludes nonemployers.",
          "geography": "Maine",
          "locator": "cbp23st.txt; naics=238220; lfo=-; fipstate=23; est",
          "note": "Employer business locations; combined plumbing/HVAC industry, not plumbing-only firms.",
          "checkedOn": "2026-09-25",
          "rawValue": 781,
          "rawField": "est",
          "rawRecord": "23"
        },
        {
          "id": "state-24-est",
          "label": "Maryland",
          "value": 1986,
          "unit": "establishments",
          "sourceId": "cbp-state",
          "period": "2023",
          "population": "Paid-employee establishments in plumbing, heating and air-conditioning contracting (2017 NAICS 238220); all legal forms; all employee roles; excludes nonemployers.",
          "geography": "Maryland",
          "locator": "cbp23st.txt; naics=238220; lfo=-; fipstate=24; est",
          "note": "Employer business locations; combined plumbing/HVAC industry, not plumbing-only firms.",
          "checkedOn": "2026-09-25",
          "rawValue": 1986,
          "rawField": "est",
          "rawRecord": "24"
        },
        {
          "id": "state-25-est",
          "label": "Massachusetts",
          "value": 3069,
          "unit": "establishments",
          "sourceId": "cbp-state",
          "period": "2023",
          "population": "Paid-employee establishments in plumbing, heating and air-conditioning contracting (2017 NAICS 238220); all legal forms; all employee roles; excludes nonemployers.",
          "geography": "Massachusetts",
          "locator": "cbp23st.txt; naics=238220; lfo=-; fipstate=25; est",
          "note": "Employer business locations; combined plumbing/HVAC industry, not plumbing-only firms.",
          "checkedOn": "2026-09-25",
          "rawValue": 3069,
          "rawField": "est",
          "rawRecord": "25"
        },
        {
          "id": "state-26-est",
          "label": "Michigan",
          "value": 2661,
          "unit": "establishments",
          "sourceId": "cbp-state",
          "period": "2023",
          "population": "Paid-employee establishments in plumbing, heating and air-conditioning contracting (2017 NAICS 238220); all legal forms; all employee roles; excludes nonemployers.",
          "geography": "Michigan",
          "locator": "cbp23st.txt; naics=238220; lfo=-; fipstate=26; est",
          "note": "Employer business locations; combined plumbing/HVAC industry, not plumbing-only firms.",
          "checkedOn": "2026-09-25",
          "rawValue": 2661,
          "rawField": "est",
          "rawRecord": "26"
        },
        {
          "id": "state-27-est",
          "label": "Minnesota",
          "value": 1816,
          "unit": "establishments",
          "sourceId": "cbp-state",
          "period": "2023",
          "population": "Paid-employee establishments in plumbing, heating and air-conditioning contracting (2017 NAICS 238220); all legal forms; all employee roles; excludes nonemployers.",
          "geography": "Minnesota",
          "locator": "cbp23st.txt; naics=238220; lfo=-; fipstate=27; est",
          "note": "Employer business locations; combined plumbing/HVAC industry, not plumbing-only firms.",
          "checkedOn": "2026-09-25",
          "rawValue": 1816,
          "rawField": "est",
          "rawRecord": "27"
        },
        {
          "id": "state-28-est",
          "label": "Mississippi",
          "value": 709,
          "unit": "establishments",
          "sourceId": "cbp-state",
          "period": "2023",
          "population": "Paid-employee establishments in plumbing, heating and air-conditioning contracting (2017 NAICS 238220); all legal forms; all employee roles; excludes nonemployers.",
          "geography": "Mississippi",
          "locator": "cbp23st.txt; naics=238220; lfo=-; fipstate=28; est",
          "note": "Employer business locations; combined plumbing/HVAC industry, not plumbing-only firms.",
          "checkedOn": "2026-09-25",
          "rawValue": 709,
          "rawField": "est",
          "rawRecord": "28"
        },
        {
          "id": "state-29-est",
          "label": "Missouri",
          "value": 1915,
          "unit": "establishments",
          "sourceId": "cbp-state",
          "period": "2023",
          "population": "Paid-employee establishments in plumbing, heating and air-conditioning contracting (2017 NAICS 238220); all legal forms; all employee roles; excludes nonemployers.",
          "geography": "Missouri",
          "locator": "cbp23st.txt; naics=238220; lfo=-; fipstate=29; est",
          "note": "Employer business locations; combined plumbing/HVAC industry, not plumbing-only firms.",
          "checkedOn": "2026-09-25",
          "rawValue": 1915,
          "rawField": "est",
          "rawRecord": "29"
        },
        {
          "id": "state-30-est",
          "label": "Montana",
          "value": 712,
          "unit": "establishments",
          "sourceId": "cbp-state",
          "period": "2023",
          "population": "Paid-employee establishments in plumbing, heating and air-conditioning contracting (2017 NAICS 238220); all legal forms; all employee roles; excludes nonemployers.",
          "geography": "Montana",
          "locator": "cbp23st.txt; naics=238220; lfo=-; fipstate=30; est",
          "note": "Employer business locations; combined plumbing/HVAC industry, not plumbing-only firms.",
          "checkedOn": "2026-09-25",
          "rawValue": 712,
          "rawField": "est",
          "rawRecord": "30"
        },
        {
          "id": "state-31-est",
          "label": "Nebraska",
          "value": 837,
          "unit": "establishments",
          "sourceId": "cbp-state",
          "period": "2023",
          "population": "Paid-employee establishments in plumbing, heating and air-conditioning contracting (2017 NAICS 238220); all legal forms; all employee roles; excludes nonemployers.",
          "geography": "Nebraska",
          "locator": "cbp23st.txt; naics=238220; lfo=-; fipstate=31; est",
          "note": "Employer business locations; combined plumbing/HVAC industry, not plumbing-only firms.",
          "checkedOn": "2026-09-25",
          "rawValue": 837,
          "rawField": "est",
          "rawRecord": "31"
        },
        {
          "id": "state-32-est",
          "label": "Nevada",
          "value": 909,
          "unit": "establishments",
          "sourceId": "cbp-state",
          "period": "2023",
          "population": "Paid-employee establishments in plumbing, heating and air-conditioning contracting (2017 NAICS 238220); all legal forms; all employee roles; excludes nonemployers.",
          "geography": "Nevada",
          "locator": "cbp23st.txt; naics=238220; lfo=-; fipstate=32; est",
          "note": "Employer business locations; combined plumbing/HVAC industry, not plumbing-only firms.",
          "checkedOn": "2026-09-25",
          "rawValue": 909,
          "rawField": "est",
          "rawRecord": "32"
        },
        {
          "id": "state-33-est",
          "label": "New Hampshire",
          "value": 776,
          "unit": "establishments",
          "sourceId": "cbp-state",
          "period": "2023",
          "population": "Paid-employee establishments in plumbing, heating and air-conditioning contracting (2017 NAICS 238220); all legal forms; all employee roles; excludes nonemployers.",
          "geography": "New Hampshire",
          "locator": "cbp23st.txt; naics=238220; lfo=-; fipstate=33; est",
          "note": "Employer business locations; combined plumbing/HVAC industry, not plumbing-only firms.",
          "checkedOn": "2026-09-25",
          "rawValue": 776,
          "rawField": "est",
          "rawRecord": "33"
        },
        {
          "id": "state-34-est",
          "label": "New Jersey",
          "value": 3454,
          "unit": "establishments",
          "sourceId": "cbp-state",
          "period": "2023",
          "population": "Paid-employee establishments in plumbing, heating and air-conditioning contracting (2017 NAICS 238220); all legal forms; all employee roles; excludes nonemployers.",
          "geography": "New Jersey",
          "locator": "cbp23st.txt; naics=238220; lfo=-; fipstate=34; est",
          "note": "Employer business locations; combined plumbing/HVAC industry, not plumbing-only firms.",
          "checkedOn": "2026-09-25",
          "rawValue": 3454,
          "rawField": "est",
          "rawRecord": "34"
        },
        {
          "id": "state-35-est",
          "label": "New Mexico",
          "value": 691,
          "unit": "establishments",
          "sourceId": "cbp-state",
          "period": "2023",
          "population": "Paid-employee establishments in plumbing, heating and air-conditioning contracting (2017 NAICS 238220); all legal forms; all employee roles; excludes nonemployers.",
          "geography": "New Mexico",
          "locator": "cbp23st.txt; naics=238220; lfo=-; fipstate=35; est",
          "note": "Employer business locations; combined plumbing/HVAC industry, not plumbing-only firms.",
          "checkedOn": "2026-09-25",
          "rawValue": 691,
          "rawField": "est",
          "rawRecord": "35"
        },
        {
          "id": "state-36-est",
          "label": "New York",
          "value": 7061,
          "unit": "establishments",
          "sourceId": "cbp-state",
          "period": "2023",
          "population": "Paid-employee establishments in plumbing, heating and air-conditioning contracting (2017 NAICS 238220); all legal forms; all employee roles; excludes nonemployers.",
          "geography": "New York",
          "locator": "cbp23st.txt; naics=238220; lfo=-; fipstate=36; est",
          "note": "Employer business locations; combined plumbing/HVAC industry, not plumbing-only firms.",
          "checkedOn": "2026-09-25",
          "rawValue": 7061,
          "rawField": "est",
          "rawRecord": "36"
        },
        {
          "id": "state-37-est",
          "label": "North Carolina",
          "value": 3973,
          "unit": "establishments",
          "sourceId": "cbp-state",
          "period": "2023",
          "population": "Paid-employee establishments in plumbing, heating and air-conditioning contracting (2017 NAICS 238220); all legal forms; all employee roles; excludes nonemployers.",
          "geography": "North Carolina",
          "locator": "cbp23st.txt; naics=238220; lfo=-; fipstate=37; est",
          "note": "Employer business locations; combined plumbing/HVAC industry, not plumbing-only firms.",
          "checkedOn": "2026-09-25",
          "rawValue": 3973,
          "rawField": "est",
          "rawRecord": "37"
        },
        {
          "id": "state-38-est",
          "label": "North Dakota",
          "value": 336,
          "unit": "establishments",
          "sourceId": "cbp-state",
          "period": "2023",
          "population": "Paid-employee establishments in plumbing, heating and air-conditioning contracting (2017 NAICS 238220); all legal forms; all employee roles; excludes nonemployers.",
          "geography": "North Dakota",
          "locator": "cbp23st.txt; naics=238220; lfo=-; fipstate=38; est",
          "note": "Employer business locations; combined plumbing/HVAC industry, not plumbing-only firms.",
          "checkedOn": "2026-09-25",
          "rawValue": 336,
          "rawField": "est",
          "rawRecord": "38"
        },
        {
          "id": "state-39-est",
          "label": "Ohio",
          "value": 2970,
          "unit": "establishments",
          "sourceId": "cbp-state",
          "period": "2023",
          "population": "Paid-employee establishments in plumbing, heating and air-conditioning contracting (2017 NAICS 238220); all legal forms; all employee roles; excludes nonemployers.",
          "geography": "Ohio",
          "locator": "cbp23st.txt; naics=238220; lfo=-; fipstate=39; est",
          "note": "Employer business locations; combined plumbing/HVAC industry, not plumbing-only firms.",
          "checkedOn": "2026-09-25",
          "rawValue": 2970,
          "rawField": "est",
          "rawRecord": "39"
        },
        {
          "id": "state-40-est",
          "label": "Oklahoma",
          "value": 1592,
          "unit": "establishments",
          "sourceId": "cbp-state",
          "period": "2023",
          "population": "Paid-employee establishments in plumbing, heating and air-conditioning contracting (2017 NAICS 238220); all legal forms; all employee roles; excludes nonemployers.",
          "geography": "Oklahoma",
          "locator": "cbp23st.txt; naics=238220; lfo=-; fipstate=40; est",
          "note": "Employer business locations; combined plumbing/HVAC industry, not plumbing-only firms.",
          "checkedOn": "2026-09-25",
          "rawValue": 1592,
          "rawField": "est",
          "rawRecord": "40"
        },
        {
          "id": "state-41-est",
          "label": "Oregon",
          "value": 1337,
          "unit": "establishments",
          "sourceId": "cbp-state",
          "period": "2023",
          "population": "Paid-employee establishments in plumbing, heating and air-conditioning contracting (2017 NAICS 238220); all legal forms; all employee roles; excludes nonemployers.",
          "geography": "Oregon",
          "locator": "cbp23st.txt; naics=238220; lfo=-; fipstate=41; est",
          "note": "Employer business locations; combined plumbing/HVAC industry, not plumbing-only firms.",
          "checkedOn": "2026-09-25",
          "rawValue": 1337,
          "rawField": "est",
          "rawRecord": "41"
        },
        {
          "id": "state-42-est",
          "label": "Pennsylvania",
          "value": 4154,
          "unit": "establishments",
          "sourceId": "cbp-state",
          "period": "2023",
          "population": "Paid-employee establishments in plumbing, heating and air-conditioning contracting (2017 NAICS 238220); all legal forms; all employee roles; excludes nonemployers.",
          "geography": "Pennsylvania",
          "locator": "cbp23st.txt; naics=238220; lfo=-; fipstate=42; est",
          "note": "Employer business locations; combined plumbing/HVAC industry, not plumbing-only firms.",
          "checkedOn": "2026-09-25",
          "rawValue": 4154,
          "rawField": "est",
          "rawRecord": "42"
        },
        {
          "id": "state-44-est",
          "label": "Rhode Island",
          "value": 494,
          "unit": "establishments",
          "sourceId": "cbp-state",
          "period": "2023",
          "population": "Paid-employee establishments in plumbing, heating and air-conditioning contracting (2017 NAICS 238220); all legal forms; all employee roles; excludes nonemployers.",
          "geography": "Rhode Island",
          "locator": "cbp23st.txt; naics=238220; lfo=-; fipstate=44; est",
          "note": "Employer business locations; combined plumbing/HVAC industry, not plumbing-only firms.",
          "checkedOn": "2026-09-25",
          "rawValue": 494,
          "rawField": "est",
          "rawRecord": "44"
        },
        {
          "id": "state-45-est",
          "label": "South Carolina",
          "value": 1685,
          "unit": "establishments",
          "sourceId": "cbp-state",
          "period": "2023",
          "population": "Paid-employee establishments in plumbing, heating and air-conditioning contracting (2017 NAICS 238220); all legal forms; all employee roles; excludes nonemployers.",
          "geography": "South Carolina",
          "locator": "cbp23st.txt; naics=238220; lfo=-; fipstate=45; est",
          "note": "Employer business locations; combined plumbing/HVAC industry, not plumbing-only firms.",
          "checkedOn": "2026-09-25",
          "rawValue": 1685,
          "rawField": "est",
          "rawRecord": "45"
        },
        {
          "id": "state-46-est",
          "label": "South Dakota",
          "value": 401,
          "unit": "establishments",
          "sourceId": "cbp-state",
          "period": "2023",
          "population": "Paid-employee establishments in plumbing, heating and air-conditioning contracting (2017 NAICS 238220); all legal forms; all employee roles; excludes nonemployers.",
          "geography": "South Dakota",
          "locator": "cbp23st.txt; naics=238220; lfo=-; fipstate=46; est",
          "note": "Employer business locations; combined plumbing/HVAC industry, not plumbing-only firms.",
          "checkedOn": "2026-09-25",
          "rawValue": 401,
          "rawField": "est",
          "rawRecord": "46"
        },
        {
          "id": "state-47-est",
          "label": "Tennessee",
          "value": 1899,
          "unit": "establishments",
          "sourceId": "cbp-state",
          "period": "2023",
          "population": "Paid-employee establishments in plumbing, heating and air-conditioning contracting (2017 NAICS 238220); all legal forms; all employee roles; excludes nonemployers.",
          "geography": "Tennessee",
          "locator": "cbp23st.txt; naics=238220; lfo=-; fipstate=47; est",
          "note": "Employer business locations; combined plumbing/HVAC industry, not plumbing-only firms.",
          "checkedOn": "2026-09-25",
          "rawValue": 1899,
          "rawField": "est",
          "rawRecord": "47"
        },
        {
          "id": "state-48-est",
          "label": "Texas",
          "value": 8966,
          "unit": "establishments",
          "sourceId": "cbp-state",
          "period": "2023",
          "population": "Paid-employee establishments in plumbing, heating and air-conditioning contracting (2017 NAICS 238220); all legal forms; all employee roles; excludes nonemployers.",
          "geography": "Texas",
          "locator": "cbp23st.txt; naics=238220; lfo=-; fipstate=48; est",
          "note": "Employer business locations; combined plumbing/HVAC industry, not plumbing-only firms.",
          "checkedOn": "2026-09-25",
          "rawValue": 8966,
          "rawField": "est",
          "rawRecord": "48"
        },
        {
          "id": "state-49-est",
          "label": "Utah",
          "value": 1443,
          "unit": "establishments",
          "sourceId": "cbp-state",
          "period": "2023",
          "population": "Paid-employee establishments in plumbing, heating and air-conditioning contracting (2017 NAICS 238220); all legal forms; all employee roles; excludes nonemployers.",
          "geography": "Utah",
          "locator": "cbp23st.txt; naics=238220; lfo=-; fipstate=49; est",
          "note": "Employer business locations; combined plumbing/HVAC industry, not plumbing-only firms.",
          "checkedOn": "2026-09-25",
          "rawValue": 1443,
          "rawField": "est",
          "rawRecord": "49"
        },
        {
          "id": "state-50-est",
          "label": "Vermont",
          "value": 303,
          "unit": "establishments",
          "sourceId": "cbp-state",
          "period": "2023",
          "population": "Paid-employee establishments in plumbing, heating and air-conditioning contracting (2017 NAICS 238220); all legal forms; all employee roles; excludes nonemployers.",
          "geography": "Vermont",
          "locator": "cbp23st.txt; naics=238220; lfo=-; fipstate=50; est",
          "note": "Employer business locations; combined plumbing/HVAC industry, not plumbing-only firms.",
          "checkedOn": "2026-09-25",
          "rawValue": 303,
          "rawField": "est",
          "rawRecord": "50"
        },
        {
          "id": "state-51-est",
          "label": "Virginia",
          "value": 2765,
          "unit": "establishments",
          "sourceId": "cbp-state",
          "period": "2023",
          "population": "Paid-employee establishments in plumbing, heating and air-conditioning contracting (2017 NAICS 238220); all legal forms; all employee roles; excludes nonemployers.",
          "geography": "Virginia",
          "locator": "cbp23st.txt; naics=238220; lfo=-; fipstate=51; est",
          "note": "Employer business locations; combined plumbing/HVAC industry, not plumbing-only firms.",
          "checkedOn": "2026-09-25",
          "rawValue": 2765,
          "rawField": "est",
          "rawRecord": "51"
        },
        {
          "id": "state-53-est",
          "label": "Washington",
          "value": 2242,
          "unit": "establishments",
          "sourceId": "cbp-state",
          "period": "2023",
          "population": "Paid-employee establishments in plumbing, heating and air-conditioning contracting (2017 NAICS 238220); all legal forms; all employee roles; excludes nonemployers.",
          "geography": "Washington",
          "locator": "cbp23st.txt; naics=238220; lfo=-; fipstate=53; est",
          "note": "Employer business locations; combined plumbing/HVAC industry, not plumbing-only firms.",
          "checkedOn": "2026-09-25",
          "rawValue": 2242,
          "rawField": "est",
          "rawRecord": "53"
        },
        {
          "id": "state-54-est",
          "label": "West Virginia",
          "value": 406,
          "unit": "establishments",
          "sourceId": "cbp-state",
          "period": "2023",
          "population": "Paid-employee establishments in plumbing, heating and air-conditioning contracting (2017 NAICS 238220); all legal forms; all employee roles; excludes nonemployers.",
          "geography": "West Virginia",
          "locator": "cbp23st.txt; naics=238220; lfo=-; fipstate=54; est",
          "note": "Employer business locations; combined plumbing/HVAC industry, not plumbing-only firms.",
          "checkedOn": "2026-09-25",
          "rawValue": 406,
          "rawField": "est",
          "rawRecord": "54"
        },
        {
          "id": "state-55-est",
          "label": "Wisconsin",
          "value": 1944,
          "unit": "establishments",
          "sourceId": "cbp-state",
          "period": "2023",
          "population": "Paid-employee establishments in plumbing, heating and air-conditioning contracting (2017 NAICS 238220); all legal forms; all employee roles; excludes nonemployers.",
          "geography": "Wisconsin",
          "locator": "cbp23st.txt; naics=238220; lfo=-; fipstate=55; est",
          "note": "Employer business locations; combined plumbing/HVAC industry, not plumbing-only firms.",
          "checkedOn": "2026-09-25",
          "rawValue": 1944,
          "rawField": "est",
          "rawRecord": "55"
        },
        {
          "id": "state-56-est",
          "label": "Wyoming",
          "value": 315,
          "unit": "establishments",
          "sourceId": "cbp-state",
          "period": "2023",
          "population": "Paid-employee establishments in plumbing, heating and air-conditioning contracting (2017 NAICS 238220); all legal forms; all employee roles; excludes nonemployers.",
          "geography": "Wyoming",
          "locator": "cbp23st.txt; naics=238220; lfo=-; fipstate=56; est",
          "note": "Employer business locations; combined plumbing/HVAC industry, not plumbing-only firms.",
          "checkedOn": "2026-09-25",
          "rawValue": 315,
          "rawField": "est",
          "rawRecord": "56"
        }
      ],
      "chartTitle": "Largest plumbing/HVAC establishment counts",
      "chartNote": "Census CBP • 2023 • NAICS 238220 • employer business locations",
      "chartIds": [
        "state-06-est",
        "state-12-est",
        "state-48-est",
        "state-36-est",
        "state-42-est",
        "state-17-est",
        "state-37-est",
        "state-34-est",
        "state-13-est",
        "state-25-est"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "business-size",
      "title": "Contractor payroll by establishment size",
      "intro": "Size classes refer to employment at each establishment. They do not describe the employee count of an entire multi-location company.",
      "scope": "Paid-employee establishments in plumbing, heating and air-conditioning contracting (2017 NAICS 238220); all legal forms; all employee roles; excludes nonemployers. National totals; 2023. Combined plumbing/HVAC industry; not plumbing-only.",
      "rows": [
        {
          "id": "size-under-5-a",
          "label": "Fewer than 5 employees",
          "value": 6262088000,
          "unit": "USD",
          "sourceId": "cbp-us",
          "period": "2023",
          "population": "Paid-employee establishments in plumbing, heating and air-conditioning contracting (2017 NAICS 238220); all legal forms; all employee roles; excludes nonemployers. Establishment size: Fewer than 5 employees",
          "geography": "United States",
          "locator": "cbp23us.txt; uscode=98; naics=238220; lfo=-; a<5",
          "note": "Annual payroll × 1,000 to USD.",
          "checkedOn": "2026-09-25",
          "rawValue": 6262088,
          "rawField": "a<5",
          "rawRecord": "US"
        },
        {
          "id": "size-5_9-a",
          "label": "5–9 employees",
          "value": 7601440000,
          "unit": "USD",
          "sourceId": "cbp-us",
          "period": "2023",
          "population": "Paid-employee establishments in plumbing, heating and air-conditioning contracting (2017 NAICS 238220); all legal forms; all employee roles; excludes nonemployers. Establishment size: 5–9 employees",
          "geography": "United States",
          "locator": "cbp23us.txt; uscode=98; naics=238220; lfo=-; a5_9",
          "note": "Annual payroll × 1,000 to USD.",
          "checkedOn": "2026-09-25",
          "rawValue": 7601440,
          "rawField": "a5_9",
          "rawRecord": "US"
        },
        {
          "id": "size-10_19-a",
          "label": "10–19 employees",
          "value": 11259372000,
          "unit": "USD",
          "sourceId": "cbp-us",
          "period": "2023",
          "population": "Paid-employee establishments in plumbing, heating and air-conditioning contracting (2017 NAICS 238220); all legal forms; all employee roles; excludes nonemployers. Establishment size: 10–19 employees",
          "geography": "United States",
          "locator": "cbp23us.txt; uscode=98; naics=238220; lfo=-; a10_19",
          "note": "Annual payroll × 1,000 to USD.",
          "checkedOn": "2026-09-25",
          "rawValue": 11259372,
          "rawField": "a10_19",
          "rawRecord": "US"
        },
        {
          "id": "size-20_49-a",
          "label": "20–49 employees",
          "value": 18452857000,
          "unit": "USD",
          "sourceId": "cbp-us",
          "period": "2023",
          "population": "Paid-employee establishments in plumbing, heating and air-conditioning contracting (2017 NAICS 238220); all legal forms; all employee roles; excludes nonemployers. Establishment size: 20–49 employees",
          "geography": "United States",
          "locator": "cbp23us.txt; uscode=98; naics=238220; lfo=-; a20_49",
          "note": "Annual payroll × 1,000 to USD.",
          "checkedOn": "2026-09-25",
          "rawValue": 18452857,
          "rawField": "a20_49",
          "rawRecord": "US"
        },
        {
          "id": "size-50_99-a",
          "label": "50–99 employees",
          "value": 13952774000,
          "unit": "USD",
          "sourceId": "cbp-us",
          "period": "2023",
          "population": "Paid-employee establishments in plumbing, heating and air-conditioning contracting (2017 NAICS 238220); all legal forms; all employee roles; excludes nonemployers. Establishment size: 50–99 employees",
          "geography": "United States",
          "locator": "cbp23us.txt; uscode=98; naics=238220; lfo=-; a50_99",
          "note": "Annual payroll × 1,000 to USD.",
          "checkedOn": "2026-09-25",
          "rawValue": 13952774,
          "rawField": "a50_99",
          "rawRecord": "US"
        },
        {
          "id": "size-100_249-a",
          "label": "100–249 employees",
          "value": 16262770000,
          "unit": "USD",
          "sourceId": "cbp-us",
          "period": "2023",
          "population": "Paid-employee establishments in plumbing, heating and air-conditioning contracting (2017 NAICS 238220); all legal forms; all employee roles; excludes nonemployers. Establishment size: 100–249 employees",
          "geography": "United States",
          "locator": "cbp23us.txt; uscode=98; naics=238220; lfo=-; a100_249",
          "note": "Annual payroll × 1,000 to USD.",
          "checkedOn": "2026-09-25",
          "rawValue": 16262770,
          "rawField": "a100_249",
          "rawRecord": "US"
        },
        {
          "id": "size-250_499-a",
          "label": "250–499 employees",
          "value": 7919082000,
          "unit": "USD",
          "sourceId": "cbp-us",
          "period": "2023",
          "population": "Paid-employee establishments in plumbing, heating and air-conditioning contracting (2017 NAICS 238220); all legal forms; all employee roles; excludes nonemployers. Establishment size: 250–499 employees",
          "geography": "United States",
          "locator": "cbp23us.txt; uscode=98; naics=238220; lfo=-; a250_499",
          "note": "Annual payroll × 1,000 to USD.",
          "checkedOn": "2026-09-25",
          "rawValue": 7919082,
          "rawField": "a250_499",
          "rawRecord": "US"
        },
        {
          "id": "size-500_999-a",
          "label": "500–999 employees",
          "value": 4521691000,
          "unit": "USD",
          "sourceId": "cbp-us",
          "period": "2023",
          "population": "Paid-employee establishments in plumbing, heating and air-conditioning contracting (2017 NAICS 238220); all legal forms; all employee roles; excludes nonemployers. Establishment size: 500–999 employees",
          "geography": "United States",
          "locator": "cbp23us.txt; uscode=98; naics=238220; lfo=-; a500_999",
          "note": "Annual payroll × 1,000 to USD.",
          "checkedOn": "2026-09-25",
          "rawValue": 4521691,
          "rawField": "a500_999",
          "rawRecord": "US"
        },
        {
          "id": "size-1000-a",
          "label": "1,000+ employees",
          "value": 3287333000,
          "unit": "USD",
          "sourceId": "cbp-us",
          "period": "2023",
          "population": "Paid-employee establishments in plumbing, heating and air-conditioning contracting (2017 NAICS 238220); all legal forms; all employee roles; excludes nonemployers. Establishment size: 1,000+ employees",
          "geography": "United States",
          "locator": "cbp23us.txt; uscode=98; naics=238220; lfo=-; a1000",
          "note": "Annual payroll × 1,000 to USD.",
          "checkedOn": "2026-09-25",
          "rawValue": 3287333,
          "rawField": "a1000",
          "rawRecord": "US"
        }
      ],
      "chartTitle": "Industry payroll by size",
      "chartNote": "Census CBP • 2023 • NAICS 238220 • establishment employee bands",
      "chartIds": [
        "size-under-5-a",
        "size-5_9-a",
        "size-10_19-a",
        "size-20_49-a",
        "size-50_99-a",
        "size-100_249-a",
        "size-250_499-a",
        "size-500_999-a",
        "size-1000-a"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "price-changes",
      "title": "Plumbing price increases and home-service comparisons",
      "intro": "In Jobber’s December 2025 survey, 74% of plumbing business owners said they raised prices in the preceding year. The other rows compare broader home-service groups, not only this trade.",
      "scope": "December 2025; U.S. owner survey; n=1,050 overall. Subgroup sizes unspecified. Price-change question refers to the preceding year.",
      "rows": [
        {
          "id": "increase-all",
          "label": "All businesses",
          "value": 65,
          "unit": "%",
          "sourceId": "jobber",
          "period": "Dec 2025 survey",
          "population": "All businesses among surveyed home-service owners",
          "geography": "United States",
          "locator": "Confident pricing drives profitable growth",
          "note": "Share reporting a price increase in the prior year; subgroup sample not stated.",
          "checkedOn": "2026-09-25"
        },
        {
          "id": "increase-trade",
          "label": "Plumbing businesses",
          "value": 74,
          "unit": "%",
          "sourceId": "jobber",
          "period": "Dec 2025 survey",
          "population": "Surveyed U.S. plumbing business owners; subgroup n undisclosed",
          "geography": "United States",
          "locator": "Industry Insights / Plumbing",
          "note": "Share reporting a price increase in the prior year; subgroup sample not stated.",
          "checkedOn": "2026-09-25"
        },
        {
          "id": "increase-large",
          "label": "$500K+ revenue",
          "value": 80,
          "unit": "%",
          "sourceId": "jobber",
          "period": "Dec 2025 survey",
          "population": "$500K+ revenue among surveyed home-service owners",
          "geography": "United States",
          "locator": "Confident pricing drives profitable growth",
          "note": "Share reporting a price increase in the prior year; subgroup sample not stated.",
          "checkedOn": "2026-09-25"
        },
        {
          "id": "increase-small",
          "label": "Under $100K revenue",
          "value": 54,
          "unit": "%",
          "sourceId": "jobber",
          "period": "Dec 2025 survey",
          "population": "Under $100K revenue among surveyed home-service owners",
          "geography": "United States",
          "locator": "Confident pricing drives profitable growth",
          "note": "Share reporting a price increase in the prior year; subgroup sample not stated.",
          "checkedOn": "2026-09-25"
        },
        {
          "id": "increase-new",
          "label": "New businesses",
          "value": 42,
          "unit": "%",
          "sourceId": "jobber",
          "period": "Dec 2025 survey",
          "population": "New businesses among surveyed home-service owners",
          "geography": "United States",
          "locator": "Confident pricing drives profitable growth",
          "note": "Share reporting a price increase in the prior year; subgroup sample not stated.",
          "checkedOn": "2026-09-25"
        }
      ],
      "chartTitle": "Owners reporting a price increase",
      "chartNote": "Jobber • Dec 2025 • prior-year price increases • subgroup samples undisclosed",
      "chartIds": [
        "increase-all",
        "increase-trade",
        "increase-large",
        "increase-small",
        "increase-new"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "pricing-confidence",
      "title": "How confident are owners in their pricing?",
      "intro": "Confidence is a self-assessment. It does not show that a price covers labor burden, overhead, callbacks or profit.",
      "scope": "Jobber owner survey; December 2025; n=1,050 overall. Displayed percentages total 99% because of rounding. Broad home-service/home-improvement sample; not plumbing-specific.",
      "rows": [
        {
          "id": "confidence-very",
          "label": "Very confident",
          "value": 55,
          "unit": "%",
          "sourceId": "jobber",
          "period": "Dec 2025 survey",
          "population": "U.S. home-service owners; n=1,050",
          "geography": "United States",
          "locator": "Confidence comes from structure / pricing-confidence chart",
          "note": "",
          "checkedOn": "2026-09-25"
        },
        {
          "id": "confidence-somewhat",
          "label": "Somewhat confident",
          "value": 39,
          "unit": "%",
          "sourceId": "jobber",
          "period": "Dec 2025 survey",
          "population": "U.S. home-service owners; n=1,050",
          "geography": "United States",
          "locator": "Confidence comes from structure / pricing-confidence chart",
          "note": "",
          "checkedOn": "2026-09-25"
        },
        {
          "id": "confidence-not",
          "label": "Not very confident",
          "value": 5,
          "unit": "%",
          "sourceId": "jobber",
          "period": "Dec 2025 survey",
          "population": "U.S. home-service owners; n=1,050",
          "geography": "United States",
          "locator": "Confidence comes from structure / pricing-confidence chart",
          "note": "",
          "checkedOn": "2026-09-25"
        }
      ],
      "chartTitle": "Self-reported pricing confidence",
      "chartNote": "Jobber • Dec 2025 • share of surveyed owners",
      "chartIds": [
        "confidence-very",
        "confidence-somewhat",
        "confidence-not"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "quote-shopping",
      "title": "How many quotes do homeowners compare?",
      "intro": "Two quotes was the most common answer in this Modernize question. These are intended comparisons for an upcoming project, not a measured close rate.",
      "scope": "Homeowners answering how many contractors’ quotes they will compare. Modernize 2025 report; n=10,353 for this question. Fieldwork: July–October 2025. Broad home-service/home-improvement sample; not plumbing-specific.",
      "rows": [
        {
          "id": "quote-shopping-one",
          "label": "One quote",
          "value": 18.9,
          "unit": "%",
          "sourceId": "modernize",
          "period": "Jul–Oct 2025",
          "population": "Homeowners answering how many contractors’ quotes they will compare. n=10,353.",
          "geography": "Modernize home-improvement audience; country breakdown undisclosed",
          "locator": "PDF page 25, Figure 14; 2025 column",
          "note": "Fieldwork July–October 2025; PDF page 4. Published category labels retained in the ledger.",
          "checkedOn": "2026-09-25"
        },
        {
          "id": "quote-shopping-two",
          "label": "Two quotes",
          "value": 40.96,
          "unit": "%",
          "sourceId": "modernize",
          "period": "Jul–Oct 2025",
          "population": "Homeowners answering how many contractors’ quotes they will compare. n=10,353.",
          "geography": "Modernize home-improvement audience; country breakdown undisclosed",
          "locator": "PDF page 25, Figure 14; 2025 column",
          "note": "Fieldwork July–October 2025; PDF page 4. Published category labels retained in the ledger.",
          "checkedOn": "2026-09-25"
        },
        {
          "id": "quote-shopping-three",
          "label": "Three quotes",
          "value": 25.72,
          "unit": "%",
          "sourceId": "modernize",
          "period": "Jul–Oct 2025",
          "population": "Homeowners answering how many contractors’ quotes they will compare. n=10,353.",
          "geography": "Modernize home-improvement audience; country breakdown undisclosed",
          "locator": "PDF page 25, Figure 14; 2025 column",
          "note": "Fieldwork July–October 2025; PDF page 4. Published category labels retained in the ledger.",
          "checkedOn": "2026-09-25"
        },
        {
          "id": "quote-shopping-four",
          "label": "Four or more quotes",
          "value": 14.41,
          "unit": "%",
          "sourceId": "modernize",
          "period": "Jul–Oct 2025",
          "population": "Homeowners answering how many contractors’ quotes they will compare. n=10,353.",
          "geography": "Modernize home-improvement audience; country breakdown undisclosed",
          "locator": "PDF page 25, Figure 14; 2025 column",
          "note": "Fieldwork July–October 2025; PDF page 4. Published category labels retained in the ledger.",
          "checkedOn": "2026-09-25"
        }
      ],
      "chartTitle": "How many quotes do homeowners compare?",
      "chartNote": "Modernize • July–October 2025 • question n=10,353",
      "chartIds": [
        "quote-shopping-one",
        "quote-shopping-two",
        "quote-shopping-three",
        "quote-shopping-four"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "financing",
      "title": "How much of a project would homeowners finance?",
      "intro": "Respondents selected how much of an upcoming project they would want to finance if financing were available. These responses are preferences, not loan approvals or borrowing outcomes.",
      "scope": "Homeowners answering a hypothetical project-financing question. Modernize 2025 report; n=12,269 for this question. Fieldwork: July–October 2025. Broad home-service/home-improvement sample; not plumbing-specific.",
      "rows": [
        {
          "id": "financing-quarter",
          "label": "Up to 25% of project",
          "value": 23.59,
          "unit": "%",
          "sourceId": "modernize",
          "period": "Jul–Oct 2025",
          "population": "Homeowners answering a hypothetical project-financing question. n=12,269.",
          "geography": "Modernize home-improvement audience; country breakdown undisclosed",
          "locator": "PDF page 23, Figure 12; 2025 column",
          "note": "Fieldwork July–October 2025; PDF page 4. Published category labels retained in the ledger.",
          "checkedOn": "2026-09-25"
        },
        {
          "id": "financing-half",
          "label": "Up to 50% of project",
          "value": 31.68,
          "unit": "%",
          "sourceId": "modernize",
          "period": "Jul–Oct 2025",
          "population": "Homeowners answering a hypothetical project-financing question. n=12,269.",
          "geography": "Modernize home-improvement audience; country breakdown undisclosed",
          "locator": "PDF page 23, Figure 12; 2025 column",
          "note": "Fieldwork July–October 2025; PDF page 4. Published category labels retained in the ledger.",
          "checkedOn": "2026-09-25"
        },
        {
          "id": "financing-three-quarter",
          "label": "Up to 75% of project",
          "value": 3.28,
          "unit": "%",
          "sourceId": "modernize",
          "period": "Jul–Oct 2025",
          "population": "Homeowners answering a hypothetical project-financing question. n=12,269.",
          "geography": "Modernize home-improvement audience; country breakdown undisclosed",
          "locator": "PDF page 23, Figure 12; 2025 column",
          "note": "Fieldwork July–October 2025; PDF page 4. Published category labels retained in the ledger.",
          "checkedOn": "2026-09-25"
        },
        {
          "id": "financing-all",
          "label": "Entire project",
          "value": 18.77,
          "unit": "%",
          "sourceId": "modernize",
          "period": "Jul–Oct 2025",
          "population": "Homeowners answering a hypothetical project-financing question. n=12,269.",
          "geography": "Modernize home-improvement audience; country breakdown undisclosed",
          "locator": "PDF page 23, Figure 12; 2025 column",
          "note": "Fieldwork July–October 2025; PDF page 4. Published category labels retained in the ledger.",
          "checkedOn": "2026-09-25"
        },
        {
          "id": "financing-none",
          "label": "None of project",
          "value": 22.68,
          "unit": "%",
          "sourceId": "modernize",
          "period": "Jul–Oct 2025",
          "population": "Homeowners answering a hypothetical project-financing question. n=12,269.",
          "geography": "Modernize home-improvement audience; country breakdown undisclosed",
          "locator": "PDF page 23, Figure 12; 2025 column",
          "note": "Fieldwork July–October 2025; PDF page 4. Published category labels retained in the ledger.",
          "checkedOn": "2026-09-25"
        }
      ],
      "chartTitle": "How much of a project would homeowners finance?",
      "chartNote": "Modernize • July–October 2025 • question n=12,269",
      "chartIds": [
        "financing-quarter",
        "financing-half",
        "financing-three-quarter",
        "financing-all",
        "financing-none"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "quote-friction",
      "title": "What discourages homeowners from hiring?",
      "intro": "These selected responses identify friction in a contractor’s sales process. Respondents could choose multiple answers; the results cannot be added into a rejection rate.",
      "scope": "Homeowners selecting sales attributes that make them least likely to hire. Modernize 2025 report; n=8,258 for this question. Fieldwork: July–October 2025. Broad home-service/home-improvement sample; not plumbing-specific.",
      "rows": [
        {
          "id": "quote-friction-pushy",
          "label": "Sales pressure",
          "value": 37.9,
          "unit": "%",
          "sourceId": "modernize",
          "period": "Jul–Oct 2025",
          "population": "Homeowners selecting sales attributes that make them least likely to hire. n=8,258.",
          "geography": "Modernize home-improvement audience; country breakdown undisclosed",
          "locator": "PDF page 14, Figure 7; 2025 column",
          "note": "Fieldwork July–October 2025; PDF page 4. Multiple selections allowed.",
          "checkedOn": "2026-09-25"
        },
        {
          "id": "quote-friction-confusing",
          "label": "Unclear quote",
          "value": 32.6,
          "unit": "%",
          "sourceId": "modernize",
          "period": "Jul–Oct 2025",
          "population": "Homeowners selecting sales attributes that make them least likely to hire. n=8,258.",
          "geography": "Modernize home-improvement audience; country breakdown undisclosed",
          "locator": "PDF page 14, Figure 7; 2025 column",
          "note": "Fieldwork July–October 2025; PDF page 4. Multiple selections allowed.",
          "checkedOn": "2026-09-25"
        },
        {
          "id": "quote-friction-listening",
          "label": "Needs not addressed",
          "value": 31.4,
          "unit": "%",
          "sourceId": "modernize",
          "period": "Jul–Oct 2025",
          "population": "Homeowners selecting sales attributes that make them least likely to hire. n=8,258.",
          "geography": "Modernize home-improvement audience; country breakdown undisclosed",
          "locator": "PDF page 14, Figure 7; 2025 column",
          "note": "Fieldwork July–October 2025; PDF page 4. Multiple selections allowed.",
          "checkedOn": "2026-09-25"
        },
        {
          "id": "quote-friction-professionalism",
          "label": "Unprofessional conduct",
          "value": 30.4,
          "unit": "%",
          "sourceId": "modernize",
          "period": "Jul–Oct 2025",
          "population": "Homeowners selecting sales attributes that make them least likely to hire. n=8,258.",
          "geography": "Modernize home-improvement audience; country breakdown undisclosed",
          "locator": "PDF page 14, Figure 7; 2025 column",
          "note": "Fieldwork July–October 2025; PDF page 4. Multiple selections allowed.",
          "checkedOn": "2026-09-25"
        },
        {
          "id": "quote-friction-timeline",
          "label": "Missing completion timeline",
          "value": 28.9,
          "unit": "%",
          "sourceId": "modernize",
          "period": "Jul–Oct 2025",
          "population": "Homeowners selecting sales attributes that make them least likely to hire. n=8,258.",
          "geography": "Modernize home-improvement audience; country breakdown undisclosed",
          "locator": "PDF page 14, Figure 7; 2025 column",
          "note": "Fieldwork July–October 2025; PDF page 4. Multiple selections allowed.",
          "checkedOn": "2026-09-25"
        },
        {
          "id": "quote-friction-communication",
          "label": "Communication gap",
          "value": 25.4,
          "unit": "%",
          "sourceId": "modernize",
          "period": "Jul–Oct 2025",
          "population": "Homeowners selecting sales attributes that make them least likely to hire. n=8,258.",
          "geography": "Modernize home-improvement audience; country breakdown undisclosed",
          "locator": "PDF page 14, Figure 7; 2025 column",
          "note": "Fieldwork July–October 2025; PDF page 4. Multiple selections allowed.",
          "checkedOn": "2026-09-25"
        }
      ],
      "chartTitle": "What discourages homeowners from hiring?",
      "chartNote": "Modernize • July–October 2025 • question n=8,258 • multiple selections",
      "chartIds": [
        "quote-friction-pushy",
        "quote-friction-confusing",
        "quote-friction-listening",
        "quote-friction-professionalism",
        "quote-friction-timeline",
        "quote-friction-communication"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "buyer-priorities",
      "title": "What do recent homebuyers want before hiring?",
      "intro": "A written price can help a homeowner understand the proposed work. The finding below concerns expressed priorities in a survey, not the effect of any quoting software.",
      "scope": "U.S. recent single-family homebuyers; Jobber-commissioned survey; May 2026; n=800, with equal generation groups. Broad home-service/home-improvement sample; not plumbing-specific.",
      "rows": [
        {
          "id": "buyer-pricing",
          "label": "Upfront pricing / written estimate: top priority",
          "value": 42,
          "unit": "%",
          "sourceId": "homebuyer",
          "period": "May 2026",
          "population": "Recent U.S. single-family homebuyers; n=800",
          "geography": "United States",
          "locator": "Clear pricing builds confidence",
          "note": "Highest-priority pre-hiring information; not plumbing-specific.",
          "checkedOn": "2026-09-25"
        }
      ],
      "chartTitle": "",
      "chartNote": "",
      "chartIds": []
    }
  ],
  "trade": "plumbing",
  "shortTitle": "Plumbing statistics",
  "naics": "238220",
  "deck": "Plumbers, pipefitters and steamfitters earned a median $63,800 a year in May 2025. Compare occupation-level wages and forecasts, contractor business data, and homeowner quote research with dates and original sources.",
  "boundaries": "Census NAICS 238220 covers plumbing, heating and air-conditioning contracting, including commercial work and all employee roles. It combines plumbing with heating and air conditioning; these are not plumbing-only business totals. BLS occupation 47-2152 covers plumbers, pipefitters and steamfitters across industries. An establishment is a business location, not necessarily an independent company.",
  "highlights": [
    {
      "value": "$63,800",
      "label": "Plumbers, pipefitters and steamfitters median annual wage · May 2025",
      "id": "pay-median",
      "note": "BLS · Wage estimates exclude self-employed workers"
    },
    {
      "value": "42,000",
      "label": "Projected annual occupational openings · 2025–2035",
      "id": "outlook-openings",
      "note": "BLS · Includes replacement needs"
    },
    {
      "value": "74%",
      "label": "Plumbing owners reporting a price increase · Dec 2025 survey",
      "id": "increase-trade",
      "note": "Jobber · Trade subgroup size undisclosed"
    }
  ]
}